TKN (mg/l) was measured using Kjeldahl nitrogen estimation system. Email: Assistant Professor, Dept. Amictic: Sealed permanently by ice. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91754. Warm monomictic: Lakes that circulate freely during the winter, having a stable thermal stratification during the summer. Variation of temperature with depth is described in Fig. Chemical stratification with respect to dissolved oxygen was also observed along the depth. 2015). of Civil Engineering, Qom Univ. There were some spatial and temporal differences for trophic state index in the reservoir. stratification in the dam. Environ Process 2(1):S85–S100, Olila OG, Reddy KR (1997) Influence of redox potential on phosphate uptake by sediments in two sub-tropical eutrophic lakes. APHA (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. Wells. N. Sandeep, I.L. Based on the values of thermal stratification, it was observed that the pond was weakly stratified during winter (January and February) as compared to the summer (March and April). Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Shahbad Daulatpur, Rohini, Delhi, 110042, India, Priyanka Singh, Jyoti Bagrania & A. K. Haritash, You can also search for this author in Thermal stratification of a reservoir is a physical process that produces a biologically eutrophic system at lower concentrations of dissolved nutrients. The algal blooms have a number of adverse effects on water users, because algae can reduce dissolved oxygen, affect nutrient cycle produce toxins, and decrease aesthetic water quality (Brown et al. Freshw Biol 11:37–60, Haritash AK, Shan V, Singh P, Singh SK (2015a) Preliminary investigation of environmental status of Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary. The water body was classified as eutrophic throughout the study, and the details of water quality, thermal stratification, and the trophic status are discussed in the following sections. 1997). In addition, two management scenarios, reduction of nutrients loads and reaeration of the hypolimnion, were evaluated to mitigate the eutrophication. Mar Freshwater Res 48:647–654, Brown CD, Canfield DE, Bachmann RW, Hoyer MV (1998) Seasonal patterns of chlorophyll, nutrient concentrations and Secchi disk transparency in Florida lakes. The higher value of TSI-TP compared to TSI-Chl indicated that zooplankton grazing or limitation of nitrogen plays a role in limiting eutrophication and algal growth. Figure 3.2.3 Biological, chemical and physical processes of eutrophication-driven coastal deoxygenation (modified from Downing et al., 1999). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Significant difference between surface and bottom temperature confirmed the thermal stratification. The reservoir eutrophication condition was investigated based on Carlson’s index, which indicated that the reservoir was in the eutrophic condition in most months of the year. 1. - 70.39.235.208. The TSI values of different parameters are given in Table 2. Wind-driven mixing in epilimnion of deep lakes has been studied by Pernica and Wells (2012), and a positive correlation of wind-induced mixing with thermal stratification using gradient Richardson number is mentioned. Based on temperature profile with depth, the pond was classified as stratified with temperature lapse more than 0.1 °C/m throughout the study. 2016). Student, Dept. This may result in excessive algal growth upon overturning of the lake (when the thermal stratification breaks). Reducing the nutrient load on the lake may not be possible and alternative actions are required such as minimising or removing the magnifying effects of thermal stratification on the eutrophication process. Int J Eng Res Technol 4(3):53–56, Haritash AK, Yadav A, Kataria A, Singh K, Mathur K, Goswami S (2015b) Seasonal assessment of trophic state of a Palustrine water body. Lakes are generally classified as oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic, and hypertrophic based on the trophic status. Our results show that global CO 2 budgetary assertions still lack information on tropical, marine-dominated estuarine systems, which are affected by thermal stratification and eutrophication and … The present study was undertaken in a shallow pond ecosystem to study thermal stratification and trophic status over a period of 4 months (January–April, 2015) to understand the seasonal variations associated with. of Civil Engineering, Qom Univ. In this study, thermal stratification is correlated with wind-induced mixing and trophic state to see the effect of thermal stratification on eutrophication. The samples were characterised for pH, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), available phosphate (AP), total phosphate (TP), nitrogen (as nitrate and total Kjeldahl nitrogen TKN), calcium, magnesium, chlorophyll (Chl), Secchi depth (SD) as per standard methods in triplicates using analytical grade (AR) chemicals and ultrapure (type I) water. Email: Assistant Professor, Dept. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics, the water body was observed to be rich in phosphate and deficient of nitrogen. Thermal stratification is affected by factors, such as solar radiation, turbidity, discharge, and wind speed; and to lower extent to humidity and air temperature. Submitted: November 27th 2019 Reviewed: February 14th 2020 Published: April 1st 2020. Hydrobiologia 345:45–57, Pernica P, Wells M (2012) Frequency of episodic stratification in the near surface of lake Opeongo and other small lakes. In this study, both the factors were observed to play a significant role in keeping TSI-SD values less than the other parameters (Fig. This may also be attributed to zooplankton grazing and/or limitation of nitrogen. Geophys Res Lett 35:1–5, Bormans M, Maier H, Burch M, Baker P (1997) Temperature stratification in the lower River Murray, Australia: implication for cyanobacterial bloom development. Appl Water Sci 6:383–392, Haritash AK, Dutta S, Sharma A (2017) Phosphate uptake and translocation in a tropical canna-based constructed wetland. In this study, thermal stratification is correlated with wind-induced mixing and trophic state to see the effect of thermal stratification on eutrophication. [Seasonal stratification and eutrophication characteristics of a deep reservoir, Longtan Reservoir in subtropical area of China]. 2015). 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